It's very common when getting to know someone to talk about your occupation. Or, if you're young, you may be asked frequently what you want to do for a job when you grow up. If you're speaking Spanish, there's a fair chance the word you want to describe your occupation, current or potential, is on the following list. Many of the job titles will seem familiar, as many are English cognates. Keep in mind, though, that in a few cases the meanings in similar-sounding titles don't always line up exactly, sometimes because of cultural differences. A secondary-school teacher in Latin America, for example, might be known as a profesor, while in the United States, at least, the word "professor" is used primarily at the university level.
One matter of some confusion can be the gender of the occupational names. In many cases, the same word is used to refer to a man as to a woman. For example, a male dentist is el dentista, while a female dentist is la dentista. In some cases, there are distinct forms, such as el carpintero for a male carpenter and la carpintera for a female carpenter. In many cases, both forms can be used to refer to a female. For example, the boss is el jefe if he's male, but either la jefe or la jefa if she's female, depending on the region and, sometimes, who's speaking. Similarly, la médica is used to refer to a female doctor in some areas, but in other areas la médico is used and/or might be considered more respectful. In nearly all cases, using la with the masculine form is the safer choice if you're not sure of local usage.
Otherwise, the feminine form of the occupations ending in -o are formed by changing the -o to an -a. Occupations that end in -dor are changed to -dora for the feminine. Occupation names that already end in -a are the same in masculine or feminine.
In the list below, the masculine forms are given. The feminine forms are given following a slash (/) in cases where they don't follow the rules above.
Note also that different words may be used in some areas, or for certain specialties.
quote: Originally posted by Beverly: We might as well since all of our troops and national guards are stuck in Iran and Iraq.
With the numbers of illegals being what they are, we could feed the crocs for decades and still have some body parts to put in the freezer for future border feedings.
Take care
I knew you were ignorant, but please, please try to inform yourself. Thanks for proving my point: most bigots are blind, obsessed idiots... Posts: 211 | Registered: 01-20-2006
Ignored post by whknapp posted 02-18-2008 05:51 PM Show Post
Beverly Power Member
Posted 02-18-2008 06:18 PM Hide Post Wooooooo I made a mistake. I was typing so fast I said Iran instead of AFGHANISTAN.
Good catch Explora AKA KNAPP um . . . not
STFU you stalking, sniveling, whiney crybaby. YOU LOSE AGAIN . . . .
Posts: 1293 | Registered: 11-30-2007
Ignored post by Beverly posted 02-18-2008 06:18 PM Show Post
whknapp Frequent Member Posted 02-18-2008 06:30 PM Hide Post I accept your apologies, but I still think you're an ignorant bigot. And a blind, obsessed idiot too... Posts: 212 | Registered: 01-20-2006
WHAT APOLOGY? YOU STALKING OBSESSED LOSER, I SEE YOU SKIPPED YOUR PROZAC TODAY. DREAM ON FRUIT CAKE
This message has been edited. Last edited by: Beverly,
un bombardeo (m) de grandes cantidades de correo con el propósito de bloquear el servidor, espam (m), morcilla (f), moronga (f)
Please don't spam! ¡No spam por favor!
Don't be a spammer! ¡No seas un spammer!
Please don't duplicate newspaper articles into various threads of our ilw discussion board. No dupliques por favor los artículos periodísticos en los varios hilos de rosca de nuestro tablero de la discusión del ilw.
whknapp Frequent Member Posted 02-19-2008 12:24 PM Hide Post Couple in Colorado uses a fake $100 bill to rip off Girl Scouts Associated Press Tucson, Arizona | Published: 02.19.2008
WESTMINSTER, Colo. — A pair of con artists ripped off a Girl Scout group when they exchanged a fake $100 bill for cookies, police said.
The unknown couple handed over the bill Friday night at a supermarket, telling the girls it had been washed when asked about why it looked so strange.
"It felt and looked wrong and it was a quarter of an inch shorted than a $1 bill," said Jil Hennessey-Seabolt, the cookie director for Junior Girl Scouts Troop 2121. Hennessey-Seabolt said the Girl Scouts gave the couple $93.50 in change after the purchase.
The exchange eradicated the Scouts' earnings that day. The money they raise in the sales goes to camping trips and to area charities. "Something like this isn't fair when it happens to adults, but when it happens to kids who work so hard, it's so frustrating," Hennessey-Seabolt said.
The story does have a happy ending, though. A resident donated $100 to the Girl Scouts. Posts: 214 | Registered: 01-20-2006
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Mexican music" redirects here. For "Tex-Mex" music, see Tejano music. The music of Mexico is diverse and features a wide range of different musical styles. Many traditional Mexican songs are well-known worldwide, although most of the time their origin in Mexico is not so clear to the non-Mexican listener. "Bésame Mucho", "Cucurrucucú Paloma", "Cielito Lindo", "El Rey", "Somos Novios", "Guadalajara", "Cuando Calienta el Sol", "Cachito", "María Bonita" and many more are part of the Mexican culture and famous all over the world.
The best-known Mexican genre by far is ranchera, interpreted by a band of mariachis. Another important music style is the traditional "norteño," or Northern tunes, which has been the basis for the development of more popular genres such as banda music. Not only are these styles popular in many regions of Mexico. Norteño, similar to Tejano music, arose in the 1830s and 40s in the Rio Grande border region of southern Texas. Influenced by Bohemian immigrant miners, its rhythm was derived from the European polka dance popular during the 1800s. Banda, similar to norteño in musical form, originated from the Mexico state of Sinaloa during the 1960s. Other new styles such as cumbia, pop, and rock have seen increased popularity as the music of Mexico infuses a new generation of young people.
Southern Mexican folk music is centered around marimba, which remains popular in Chiapas and Oaxaca. In Yucatán the traditional Jarana music and dance is popular, as well as the Yucatan's most beloved and famous music genre: the trova yucateca (which developed from Caribbean and Mayan roots). Heirs to the Trova tradition are contemporary song-writers, such as world-famous Armando Manzanero, Sergio Esquivel and Aleks Syntek (Alejandro Escajadillo).
Modern Mexican musical styles are also changing Mexican music. Cumbia, pop, hip-hop, and rock, which are heavily influenced by music from the Caribbean islands and the United States, are increasingly becoming popular among Mexican youths.
Mexico's stronghold on the music market in Latin America is long established. The Mexican music market catapults small artists to the United States Spanish-speaking public. Such was the case with Ricky Martin and Shakira, this latter who arrived in Mexico on 1994, released a second al*** there and started a successful career in the United States after that. According to the America Top 100, Mexico had over 90 hits in Latin America during 2006, almost a third more than its closest competitor, the United States.
Contents [hide] 1 Contemporary genres 1.1 Banda 1.1.1 Rumba 1.1.2 Gruperas 1.2 Reggae 1.2.1 Danzon 1.2.2 Duranguense 1.3 Cumbia 1.4 Rock 1.5 Electronic 1.6 Latin alternative 2 Classical music 3 See also 4 References
[edit] Contemporary genres Today, there are many popular modern Mexican musical genres. Widely popular country music includes norteño, banda, and duranguense bands, which play rancheras, corridos, and sometimes cumbia. Spanish rock, hip-hop, and electronic music are other modern genres popular among Mexicans.
Main article: Norteño (music) Audio samples of Norteño Vuelve Gaviota by Dinastia Norteña is a typical example of contemporary Norteño music. Margarita, Margarita by Candido y su Huella Norteña is typical of contemporary Chihuahuan-style norteño accompanied by a saxophone and accordion duet. Problems playing the files? See media help. Norteño (similar to Tex-Mex or Tejano music in the United States) almost always has the accordion and bajo sexto as the lead instruments, with guitars serving as its roots. Before the introduction of accordion, violin was the main instrument. During the late XIX century, Bohemian and Czech migrants to Northern Mexico and the U.S. Southwest brought different styles among them: la redova", la varsoviana and the polka. These styles blended with the local Mexican Son (music) and gave way to modern Northern music. In the late 1910s and 1920s, the corridos entered a golden age when Mexicans on both sides of the border recorded in San Antonio-area hotels, revolutionizing the genre alongside Mexico's political revolution. Later in the century, Ramon Ayala, Cornelio Reyna, Los Invasores de Nuevo Leon and Carlos y Jose commercialized Northern music. Other bands such as Los Tigres del Norte and Los Cadetes de Linares added influences from cumbia, rock music, and other new styles, thus creating a unique new blend in some of their new songs. One lesser known genre of Northern music is the a cappella Canto Cardenche, surviving only in southwestern Coahuila.
[edit] Banda Main article: Banda music Audio samples of Banda Ojitos Soñadores by El Chapo de Sinaloa is a typical example of Banda music. El Disguto by Julio Preciado is typical of Banda Sinaloense, and here, include an accordion. Los 20 Viejitos is an example of Tamborazo Zacatecano. Problems playing the files? See media help. Banda music was created with a strong Native American influence and the imitation of military bands that were imported during the reign of emperor Maximillian in the 1800s. It was further popularized during the Mexican Revolution when local authorities and states formed their own bands to play in the town squares. Revolutionary leaders such as Pancho Villa, also took wind bands with them wherever they went. Banda has, to this day remained popular throughout the central and northern states. It has however, diversified into different styles due to regions, instruments and modernization. Today people associate banda closer to Sinaloense. This originated in the 1940s when the media distributed Banda el Recodo repertoire as exclusively from Sinaloa when it was actually regional music from all over Mexico.
Although banda music is played by many bands from different parts of Mexico, its original roots are in Sinaloa and Zacatecas, which are hugely famous for bands such as Banda el Recodo from Sinaloa and Banda Jerez from Zacatecas.
Banda Sinaloense experienced international popularity in the 1990s. The most prominent band was Banda el Recodo which is renowned as "the mother of all bands". Unlike Tamborazo Zacatecano, Sinaloense's essential instrument is the tuba. Sometimes an accordion is also included. (sound sample) Well known artists include:
Banda el Recodo Banda Machos Banda Maguey Banda la Costeña Joan Sebastian Banda Jerez Los Elegidos Jenny Rivera
Audio samples of Tamborazo Los 20 Viejitos is an example of Tamborazo Zacatecano. Problems playing the files? See media help. Tamborazo Zacatecano originated in the state of Zacatecas and translates to Drum-beat from Zacatecas. This banda style is traditionally composed of 2 trumpets, 2 clarinets, a saxophone, a trombone and the essential bass drum. La Marcha De Zacatecas is a perfect example of this type of music.
[edit] Rumba Rumba came from the black Mexican slaves in Veracruz, Mexico city, and Yucatan, these were originated first from Cuba that later became famous in the black Hispanic community of Mexico like la bamba a song originated from afro-Mexicans from a tribe called bamba, these songs are mostly popular in the south of Mexico.
[edit] Gruperas Gruperas are the mixed sound of rumba and ranchera music mostly heard in the mid south of Mexico this music contains both rumba rhythms and ranchera rhythms which these are mostly heard at parties,clubs,and Mexican radio.
[edit] Reggae Mexican Reggae first started in the caribbean sea of Mexico by Jamaican imigrants, after hearing this type of music Mexicans started to invent their own Reggae in spanish and there are many groups of Reggae in Mexico like El cerco, k-L, Ganja, and Bamboo
[edit] Danzon The European influence on Cuba's later musical development is most influentially represented by danzón, which is an elegant dance that became established in Cuba before being exported to popular acclaim throughout Latin America, especially Mexico. Its roots lay in European social dances like the English country dance, French contredanse and Spanish contradanza. Danzon developed in the 1870s in the region of Matanzas, where African culture remained strong. It had developed in full by 1879 and later was brought to Mexico.
[edit] Duranguense Audio samples of Duranguense Piedra (2003). This song is an example of Duranguense music by Patrulla 81. En las Cantinas by Los Originales de Durango, another typical example of Duranguense music. Problems playing the files? See media help. Main article: Duranguense Duranguense (often called el pasito duranguense) is a type of music which originated in the northern Mexican state of Durango. In the United States, it first became popular in Chicago, which has a large community of immigrants from Durango. It has grown to become a popular genre in the US Latino market. This music is based on both brass and wind instruments and includes the melodica, saxophone, trumpet, flute, and drums. Duranguense bands usually play their songs at a rapid, danceable tempo and tend to rely much more on percussion than Sinaloense does. (sound sample) In the 2000s, música duranguense rapidly gained recognition along with banda sinaloense and norteño as a style of Mexican music. Duranguense bands play mainly rancheras, polkas, and cumbias. Some of the most popular artists include:
Grupo Montez Diana Reyes Patrulla 81 K-Paz de la Sierra Alacranes Musical La Autoridad de la Sierra Los Horoscopos de Durango Conjunto Atardecer Ponzona Musical Los Primos de Durango
[edit] Cumbia Audio samples of Cumbia Vuelta De Bota y Tambo by Sabor Kolombia is an example of Cumbia in Mexico.[1]2005 Problems playing the files? See media help. Main article: Mexican cumbia The 1980s saw Colombian cumbia become even more popular in Mexico than its native land, and it was by far the dominant genre throughout the decade, before banda overtook it in the 1990s. In the early 1970s and 1980s Mexican bands like Rigo Tovar y su Costa Azul topped the charts, and helped, by the end of the decade, El Gran Silencio and Los Kumbia Kings. Top Artist include:
Rigo Tovar y su Costa Azul Selena Kumbia Kings El Gran Silencio Sabor Kolombia Los Chicos del Barrio [edit] Rock Main article: Mexican rock In the 60's and 70's, during the PRI government, most rock bands were obligated to appear underground, that was the time after Avándaro (a Woodstock-style Mexican festival) in which groups like El Tri, Enigma, The Dugs Dugs, Javier Batiz and many others arose. In that time Carlos Santana got famous after Woodstock. During the 80's and 90's many Mexican bands went to the surface and popular rock bands like Molotov, Control Machete, Café Tacuba, Los Caifanes, Maná, and Maldita Vecindad got many followers. The latter are "grandfathers" to the Latin ska movement. Mexico City has also a considerable movement of bands playing surf rock inspired in their outfits by local show-sport lucha libre, with Lost Acapulco initiating and leading the movement. Mexico recently has had a "rebirth" of rock music with bands like Moderatto, Allison, Masappan, Panda, Motel, and Nikki Clan which have made this genre popular again.
[edit] Electronic Electronic music in Mexico is mostly centered around dense urban areas or resorts, like Acapulco, Cancún, Ciudad Juárez, Guadalajara, Mexico City, Monterrey, Puebla and Tijuana. These cities enjoy frequent rave parties and events, but some also contribute to the movement. Electronic music is by far most popular among young people and has been getting stronger in Mexico over the last ten years. It is heavily influenced by American and European disco music.
Several music labels promote this type of music, including Nopalbeat, Abolipop, Advanced Synergy, Soundsister, Involved Records, Discos Konfort, Filtro and Noiselab Collective, Static Discos, and many others.
Nortec Collective, from Tijuana, is perhaps the most internationally known electronic music band from Mexico, but other bands exist, including Sentidos Opuestos, Belanova and Kinky.
See also: :Category:Mexican electronic music [edit] Latin alternative An eclectic range of influences is at the heart of Latin Alternative, a music created by young players who have been raised not only on their parents' music but also on rock, hip-hop and electronica. It represents a sonic shift away from regionalism and points to a new global Latin identity.
The name "Latin Alternative" was coined in the late 1990s by record company executives as a way to sell music that was -- literally -- all over the map. It was marketed as an alternative to the slick, highly produced Latin pop that dominated commercial Spanish-language radio, such as Ricky Martin or Shakira.
Artists within the genre, such as Kinky and Cafe Tacuba, have set out to defy traditional expectations of Latin music. Now, in an age of Internet connections, downloading and sampling, Latin Alternative has become not just a reaction to outside influences but its own genre. * Latin Alternavite [Fan Site]
[edit] Classical music Mexico has a long tradition of classical music, as far back as the 16th century, when it was a Spanish colony. Music of New Spain, especially that of Juan Gutiérrez de Padilla and Hernando Franco, is increasingly recognized as a significant contribution to New World culture.
Puebla was a significant center of music composition in the 17th century, as the city had considerable wealth and for a time was presided over by Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, who was an enthusiastic patron of music. Composers during this period included Bernardo de Peralta Escudero (mostly active around 1640), and also Juan Gutiérrez de Padilla, who was the most famous composer of the 17th century in Mexico. The construction of the cathedral in Puebla made the composition and performance of polychoral music possible, especially compositions in the Venetian polychoral style. Late in the century, Miguel Matheo de Dallo y Lana set the verse of poet Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.
In the 18th century, Manuel de Sumaya, maestro de capilla at the cathedral in Mexico City, wrote many cantadas and villancicos, and he was the first Mexican composing an opera, La Partenope (1711). After him, Ignacio Jerusalem, an Italian-born composer, brought some of the latest operatic styles as well as early classical (galant) styles to Mexico. His best-known composition is probably the Matins for the Virgin of Guadalupe (1764). Jerusalem was maestro de capilla at the cathedral in Mexico City after Sumaya, from 1749 until his death in 1769.
In the 19th century the waltzes of Juventino Rosas reached world recognition. In the 20th century, Carlos Chavez, is a composer of note who wrote symphonies, ballets, and a wide catalogue of chamber music, within variated esthetical orientations. Another recognized composer is Silvestre Revueltas who wrote such pieces as "The night of the mayas", "Homenaje a García Lorca", "Sensemayá" based on a poem by Nicolas Guillen, "Janitzio" and "Redes". Manuel M. Ponce is recognized as an important composer for the Spanish classical guitar, responsible for widening the repertorium for this instrument. Jose Pablo Moncayo with compositions such as "Huapango", and Blas Galindo with "Sones de Mariachi", are also recognized as adapters of Mexican sons into symphonic music.
In 1922 Julian Carrillo (violinist, composer, conductor, theoretician and inventor), created the first microtonal system in history of classical music. During subsequent years, he also developed and constructed harps and pianos able to play music in fragments of tone, like fourths, sixths, eighths and sixteenths. His pianos are yet manufactured in Germany, and used to play Carrillo's music, mainly in Europe and Mexico.
Other contemporary Mexican composer was Conlon Nancarrow (of American birth), who created a system to play pianola music, using and developing theories of politempo and polimetrics.
Some avant-garde composers leading Mexican music during the second half of the 20th century were Alicia Urreta, Manuel Enríquez, Mario Lavista and Julio Estrada. Some of them also contributed to the academic development of music teaching in American universities. Among them, Daniel Catan, Carlos Sanchez-Gutierrez, Carlos Sandoval, Ignacio Baca-Lobera, Ricardo Zohn-Muldoon and Samuel Zyman. In the other side of the Athlantic the composers of a new generation, Hilda Paredes and Javier Torres Maldonado also have contributed to the academic and artistic life, teaching in France and Italy.
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The culture of Mexico reflects the complexity of Mexico's history through the blending of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican civilizations and the culture of Spain, imported during the Spanish colonization of Mexico, which lasted for more than three centuries.
Contents [hide] 1 Way of life 1.1 Religion 1.2 Art 1.3 Literature 1.4 Music 1.5 National holidays 1.6 Cuisine 1.7 Sport 2 See also 3 References 4 External links
[edit] Way of life The way of life in Mexico includes many features from the nation's long Amerindian past and the Spanish colonial period. The people of Mexico take great pride of their country, culture, ethnicity, lifestyle and economic independence. Mexican culture also exhibits strong family ties, respect, hard working and socializing together in the community.
Mexico has changed rapidly during the 20th century. In many ways, contemporary business life in its largest cities has become similar to that in neighbouring United States and Europe. Most Mexican villagers follow the older way of life more than the city people do. About three-fourths of the people of Mexico live in cities and towns. Large populated urban areas include Mexico City, Netzahualcóyotl, Estado de México, Baja California, Guadalajara, Jalisco and Monterrey, Nuevo León, while rural areas include Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas, Yucatán and many more.
[edit] Religion
An image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, patron saint of Mexico.The Spanish arrival and colonization brought Roman Catholicism to the country and became the main religion of Mexico. Today, 95% belong to the Catholic faith, making the country as the second largest Catholic nation in the world, after Brazil. [1] Other protestant religions include Evangelical, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses.
In the southern areas of the country, which are predominantly of indigenous populations, traditional Amerindian religions are practiced and has been incorporated into the Spanish Catholic faith.
[edit] Art
A photograph of a 1954 stone carved mural at the ITESM in Monterrey, Mexico, portraying a battle between the mythological gods Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca.Mexico is known worldwide for its folk art traditions, mostly derived from a combination of the indigenous and Spanish crafts. Particularly notable among handicrafts are the clay pottery made in the valley of Oaxaca and the bird and animal figures made in the village of Tonalá. Colorfully embroidered cotton garments, cotton or wool shawls and outer garments, and colorful baskets and rugs are seen everywhere. Between the Spanish conquest and the early Twentieth Century, Mexican fine arts were largely in imitation of European traditions. After the Mexican Revolution, a new generation of Mexican artists led a vibrant national movement that incorporated political, historic, and folk themes in their work. The painters Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros became world famous for their grand scale murals, often displaying clear social messages. Rufino Tamayo and Frida Kahlo produced more personal works with abstract elements. Mexican art photography was largely fostered by the work of Manuel Álvarez Bravo.
[edit] Literature Main article: Mexican literature The literature of Mexico originated from the concepts of the Amerindian and Spanish settlements of Mesoamerica. Outstanding colonial writers and poets include Juan Ruiz de Alarcón and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz.
[edit] Music
Indigenous Aztec dancers in Mexico City.The foundation of the music of Mexico comes from its indigenous sounds and heritage. The original inhabitants of the land, used drums, flutes, gourd rattles, sea shells and voices to make music and dances. This ancient music is still played in some parts of Mexico. However, much of the traditional contemporary music of Mexico were written during the Spanish colonial period. Folk songs called corridos have been popular in the country, since the 16th century. It may tell the story about the Mexican Revolution, Pride, Mestizo, Romance, Poverty, Politics and Crime issues.
Today, popular musical groups known as Mariachis perform along streets, festivals and restaurants. A Mariachi group includes singers, guitar, trumpets, violin and marimba players. Folk dances are regarded to be one of the most important features of Mexican culture. The most significant of this dance tradition is the "Mexican hat dance", known as "Jarabe Tapatío". Traditional dancers perform a sequence of hopping steps, heel and toe tapping movements.
[edit] National holidays Mexicans celebrate their independence day from Spain in September 15 and 16, and other holidays with colourful festivals known as "Fiestas". Every Mexican city, town and village holds a yearly festival to commemorate their local patron saints. During these festivities, the people pray and burn candles to honour their saints in churches decorated with flowers and colourful utensils. They also hold large parades, fireworks, dance competitions, beauty pageant contest, party and buy refreshments in the market places and public squares. In the smaller towns and villages, football, boxing, cockfighting and amateur bullfighting are also celebrated during the festivities.
Mexico also celebrates Carnaval (in February 3 to February 8), Semana Santa ("Easter", on March or April), Cinco de Mayo ("May 5", celebrated on May 5) and Día de los Muertos ("Day Of the Dead", celebrated on October 31 to November 2). Other festivities include Día de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe ("Guadalupe Day"), Las Posadas ("The Inns", celebrated on December 16 to December 24), Noche Buena ("Holy Night", celebrated on December 24), Navidad ("Christmas", celebrated on December 25) and Año Nuevo ("New Years Day", celebrated on December 31 to January 1). "Guadalupe Day" is regarded by many Mexicans as the most important religious holiday of their country. It honours the Virgin of Guadalupe, the patron saint of Mexico, which is celebrated on December 12. In the last decade, all the celebrations happening from mid December to the beginning of January have been linked together in what has been called the Guadalupe-Reyes Marathon.
[edit] Cuisine Main article: Mexican cuisine Mexican cuisine is world-renowned for its blending of indigenous and European cultures. Popular dishes include maize, tortilla, tacos, enchiladas, frijoles, atole, tamales, and pozole. Traditionally the main Mexican ingredients consisted of chicken, pork, beef, potatoes, corn, tomatoes, peppers, chillis, onions, peanuts, avocados and guavas. Popular beverages include water flavoured with a variety of fruit juices, and cinnamon-flavoured hot chocolate prepared with milk or water and blended until it becomes frothed. Alcoholic beverages include mescal, pulque and tequila.
[edit] Sport Main article: Sport in Mexico The traditional national sports of Mexico are Bullfighting and Charreria. Football is also highly appreciated and is regarded to be the most popular contemporary recreation in the country. Most state has its own representative teams. Among the country's significant teams include Club América, Chivas de Guadalajara and Cruz Azul. Notable players include Hugo Sánchez, Claudio Suárez, Luis Hernández, Francisco Palencia, Cuauhtémoc Blanco, Jared Borgetti, Rafael Márquez, Pavel Pardo, Ramón Ramírez, Jorge Campos and Oswaldo Sánchez.
Mexico is also known for its strong boxing tradition, having produced world champions such as Julio César Chávez, Salvador Sánchez, Erik Morales, Marco Antonio Barrera, Juan Manuel Márquez and Jesús Chávez. Other popular leisure activities include lucha libre (Mexican professional wrestling), baseball, fishing, scuba diving, Jai alai, cockfighting, and basketball.
The country also hosted the summer Olympic Games in 1968 and the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1986.
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INGREDIENTS 2 tablespoons vegetable oil 1 cup uncooked white rice 1 onion, chopped 1/2 green bell pepper, chopped 2 cups water 1 (10 ounce) can diced tomatoes and green chiles 2 teaspoons chili powder, or to taste 1 teaspoon salt
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DIRECTIONS Heat oil in a deep skillet over medium heat. Saute rice, onion, and bell pepper until rice is browned and onions are tender. Stir in water and tomatoes. Season with chili powder and salt. Cover, and simmer for 30 minutes, or until rice is cooked and liquid is absorbed.
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This article is about the Mexican musical genre and ensemble. For the apparatus for the detection of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, see MARIACHI. For the 1992 film, see El Mariachi. Mariachi
Stylistic origins: Son Jaliscense Cultural origins: 18th century Jalisco Typical instruments: Violin, guitarrón, guitarra de golpe, vihuela, guitar, trumpet, and occasionally a harp Mainstream popularity: Popularity of this Mexican genre has grown much. Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico hosts an annual Mariachi festival every September, which draws Mariachis from throughout the world. Subgenres Ranchera, Traditional, Fusion genres Nortec Other topics Charro - Jarabe tapatío(also the name of a song) - Zapateado - Son Huasteco - Huapango Mariachi is a type of musical group, originally from Cocula, Jalisco, Mexico. Usually a mariachi consists of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Mexican guitar, one vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar) and one guitarrón (a small-scaled acoustic bass). They dress in silver studded charro outfits with wide-brimmed hats. The original Mariachi were Mexican street musicians or buskers.[1] Many mariachis are professional entertainers doing paid gigs in the mainstream entertainment industry. Professionals are normally skilled at more than one instrument, and they also sing. They sometimes accompany ranchera singers such as Vicente Fernandez. Although ranchera singers dress in a traje de charro, they are not mariachis.
Although mariachis are hired to play at events such as weddings and other formal occasions, such as a quinceañera (fifteenth birthday celebration for girls), they are very often used to serenade women because many of the songs in a typical repertoire have as a theme the desire to touch the heart of the opposite ***. Some of the songs are sad; others are about how much that special someone appreciates your company. Trios of mariachis can be found for hire in different places at night (the best known venues are Plaza de los Mariachis in Guadalajara and Plaza Garibaldi in Mexico City) for the purposes of serenading. Mother's days are also another popular occasion for mariachis.
Tourists frequently confuse mariachis with all types of buskers seen in Mexico, such as jarochos. Mariachi refers to musicians who dress and play in a style typical of the Mexican state of Jalisco, although the style and music played has spread far beyond the limits of Jalisco and jalisciense music itself. Generally a guitarrón and a vihuela must be included for a group to be considered a mariachi.
Contents [hide] 1 Origins 1.1 Etymology 2 History 3 Music 3.1 Technique 4 Attire 5 Instrumentation 6 Venue 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links
[edit] Origins
A group of mariachi at the Guadalajara festival.Mariachi music as we know it today results from the confluence of several different influences: European styled concert ensembles on haciendas composed of violins, harp, guitars, jawharps and other instruments, simpler coastal folk ensembles whose African influence gives mariachi some of its key rhythmic elements, and the harp and violin ensembles of the tierra caliente.[2] It originated in the Mexican state of Jalisco, according to popular legend in the town of Cocula, in the 19th century, the first example cited in print dates from 1880. [3] By the end of the nineteenth century, the vihuela, two violins, and the guitarrón which had replaced the harp, were the instruments of the mariachi(s). Trumpets, now a key part of the mariachi sound were introduced later, during the early days of broadcast radio.
[edit] Etymology Musicologists and folklorists have argued for years over the origin of mariachi.
Standard Spanish dictionaries and encyclopedias name the French word mariage (meaning wedding or marriage) as a possible origin, and date it back to the 1860s, when Maximillian of Habsburg was Emperor of Mexico. This theory was probably first put forward by Alfonso Reyes.
Another probable theory of the origin of the word mariachi is that it originated in the language of the Cora, an indigenous people of Nayarit (not Jalisco where the band originated). It may refer to the wood used to make the instruments, but this explanation has yet to be proven linguistically.The music is a very romantic kind of music. [4]
[edit] History In the 19th century, many Mariachi were roaming laborers moving from one hacienda to another, often more than the average laborer. With the revolution, however, many of the haciendas were forced to dismiss the mariachi, who then wandered from town to town singing songs (corridos) of revolutionary heroes and enemies, and carrying news from one place to another. The Mariachi took to playing in public venues for tips. One of the most popular of these venues was San Pedro Tlaquepaque in the state of Jalisco, a fashionable place for the residents of Guadalajara to spend the summer.
From the beginning, mariachi music was dance music. The traditional dance technique associated with both the son jalisciense and son jarocho is the zapateado. When dancing the zapateado, which originated in Spain, the performers drive the heels of their boots into the dance-floor, pounding out swift, often syncopated rhythms which complement that of the musical instruments. Another typical mariachi dance, the Jarabe tapatío or Mexican Hat Dance, from Guadalajara in the state of Jalisco, has become the national dance of Mexico. It is highly stylized, with prescribed movements and costumes. The male wears the classic outfit of the Jalisco horsemen, similar to the outfit of a cowboy, or charro, while the female wears a hand-woven shawl and a bright sequined skirt.
Until the 1930s, Mariachis were semi-professional and almost entirely unknown outside their own region. This began to change when Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán, founded by Gaspar Vargas in 1898, went from Jalisco to Mexico City. President Lázaro Cárdenas invited them to play at his inauguration in 1934, and later to accompany him in his campaign in 1936.
Silvestre Vargas, who had taken over from his father as leader of the Mariachi Vargas in 1928, soon hired a trained musician, Rubén Fuentes, as musical director. Together, Vargas and Fuentes standardized musical arrangements for many of the popular sones and insisted on the use of written music, which greatly facilitated the exchange among different mariachi bands. Their arrangements were used by the great singers of their time, including Pedro Infante, Lola Beltran, Jorge Negrete, Javier Solís and José Alfredo Jiménez. Influenced by j*** and Cuban music in the 1950s, they introduced the trumpet into the standard ensemble, which now included six to eight violins, a guitarrón, a vihuela, a guitar, two trumpets, and occasionally a harp as well. Trumpets were also introduced to mariachi music to accommodate the technical limitations of music recording equipment available for the cinema. However, nowadays trumpets have become an essential part of the signature mariachi sound, as exemplified by the opening notes of "El Son de la Negra."
Aided by the advent of radio, television, and the movies, mariachi music went on to become a definitive part of Mexican culture, and the Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán appeared in over 200 films in the 1940s and 1950s, often considered the Golden Age of Mexican cinema.
Prior to the 1930s, photographs show early mariachis dressed in calzones de manta, and huaraches, homespun white cotton pants and shirts and leather sandals, the clothes worn by most peasants in Jalisco. During the 1930s, however, many mariachi took to wearing the traje de charro, consisting of a waist-length jacket and tightly fitted wool pants which open slightly at the ankle to fit over a short riding boot. Both pants and jacket are often ornamented with embroidery, intricately cut leather designs, or silver buttons in a variety of shapes. This outfit is often complemented by a large bow-tie, a wide belt and a large sombrero. It is said that General Porfirio Díaz ordered a mariachi band to wear charro suits while playing for the United States Secretary of State. If true, this may be the source of traditional dress for mariachi bands.
The mariachi tradition was further extended to a widespread mainstream audience in the United States when popular American folk rock singer Linda Ronstadt realized her dream of making a record of Mexican Canciones in 1987. Ronstadt came from a leading Arizona ranch family who had a long tradition of making and singing Mexican folk music. In 1987, her Canciones De Mi Padre disc was a surprise smash hit with the American public and brought Mariachi music to a level of recognition and credibility it had not seen before north of the border. The al*** went on to multi-platinum status, becoming at the time the biggest selling non-English language disc in United States history. It also spawned a successful videocassette of Linda's elaborate stage show which was later released on DVD. Ronstadt went on to record a sequel titled "Mas Canciones."
The mariachi tradition has been extensively influenced from Mexico to the United States, Argentina and to other countries, particularly Colombia. Colombian music is highly influenced by popular Mexican mariachi traditions.[citation needed]
The American composer Jeff Nevin has composed a Concerto for Mariachi and Orchestra, which was premiered by the La Jolla Symphony.
[edit] Music
Luis Miguel.The contemporary mariachi ensemble plays a wide range of music: sones jalisciences, rancheras, corridos, sones jarocho, sones istmeños, huapangos (or sones huastecos), boleros, canciones, jarabes, danzónes, valses, pasos dobles and recently cumbias and other modern rhythms.
Mariachi music gets its characteristic sound from the various Jalisco sons (sones jaliscienses) that formed the basis of the early ensembles repertoire. There are two principal catgories of son in Jalisco: those from the South (sones del sur) and those from the North (sones alteñeos). The sones in the South were influenced by African music brought to the coastal regions by slaves who worked sugar plantations there during colonial times, and by the folk traditions of the high plateaus of the tirra caliente. The sones in the North were influenced by the criollo ensembles popular on haciendas. The mixture of the rhythmic complexity of music from the south and the clog-dance driven structure of the music from the north came together to form a village son jalisciense in the larger towns of central Jalisco, and from that the mariachi sound emerged.[5]
[edit] Technique Traditional mariachi music is made up of a combination of song-specific melodies and common tropes (introductions, bridges, and codas). The presence of the tropes allows for an ensemble to play a piece without everyone in the ensemble needing to know it well. Much of the ensemble can play basic obligato parts for much of any given piece and still demonstrate virtuosity in the trope figures.
Mariachi violin music is typically played in fixed positions, and the positions are generally limited to I and III. Most mariachi pieces are made up of collections of smaller pieces, and with respect to the violin, it's common to include some in the first and some in the fifth position. For example in the famous Jarabe Tapatío, the first two sections are in first position, followed by two section in third with a short bridge in first, after which the piece finishes in first. The nearly exclusive use of these two relatively stable positions facilitates playing together in tune.[6]
[edit] Attire
Mariachis play the vihuela and the guitar.The musicians’ background was from working-class and rural towns, so the first Mariachis dressed in a peasants attire, which included large straw sombreros with a chin strap, a hat band, red sarape or black wool blanket over the shoulder, long straigh
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